Events on September 23 35
Year 1122
Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat of Worms to put an end to the Investiture Controversy.
Year 1338
The Battle of Arnemuiden was the first naval battle of the Hundred Years' War and the first naval battle using artillery, as the English ship Christopher had three cannons and one hand gun.
Year 1409
Battle of Kherlen, the second significant victory over Ming dynasty China by the Mongols since 1368.
Year 1459
Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, takes place.
Year 1568
Spanish naval forces rout an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa near Veracruz.
Year 1641
The Merchant Royal, carrying a treasure of over 100,000 pounds of gold (worth over £1 billion today), is lost at sea off Land's End.
Year 1779
American Revolution: John Paul Jones on board the USS Bonhomme Richard wins the Battle of Flamborough Head.
Year 1780
American Revolution: British Major John André is arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold's change of sides.
Year 1803
Second Anglo-Maratha War: Battle of Assaye between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
Year 1806
Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis after exploring the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
Year 1821
Tripolitsa, Greece, is captured by Greek rebels during the Greek War of Independence.
Year 1845
The Knickerbockers Baseball Club, the first baseball team to play under the modern rules, is founded in New York.
Year 1846
Astronomers Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, John Couch Adams and Johann Gottfried Galle collaborate on the discovery of Neptune.
Year 1889
Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda.
Year 1899
American Asiatic Squadron destroys a Filipino battery at the Battle of Olongapo.
Year 1905
Norway and Sweden sign the "Karlstad treaty", peacefully dissolving the Union between the two countries.
Year 1909
The Phantom of the Opera (original title: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra), a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux, is first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois.
Year 1911
Pilot Earle Ovington makes the first official airmail delivery in America under the authority of the United States Post Office Department
Year 1913
Roland Garros of France becomes the first to fly in an airplane across the Mediterranean (from St. Raphael France to Bizerte, Tunisia).
Year 1942
World War II: The Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins: U.S. Marines attack Japanese units along the Matanikau River.
Year 1943
World War II: The Nazi puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic is founded.
Year 1950
Korean War: The Battle of Hill 282: The first US friendly-fire incident on British military personnel since World War II occurs.
Year 1986
Jim Deshaies of the Houston Astros sets a major league record by striking out the first eight batters he faces in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Year 2002
The first public version of the web browser Mozilla Firefox ("Phoenix 0.1") is released.
Year 2004
Over 3,000 people die in Haiti after Hurricane Jeanne produces massive flooding and mudslides.
Year 2008
Kauhajoki school shooting: Matti Saari kills ten people before committing suicide.